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FAQ: LEO Satellite Navigation Enhancement for GPS-Challenged Areas
TL;DR
Hybrid LEO+GNSS systems offer superior positioning accuracy in urban areas, giving autonomous vehicles and critical infrastructure a competitive edge over traditional navigation methods.
Researchers used 192,000 Monte-Carlo simulations to show optimized LEO constellations with 50 dBm EIRP in L/C bands improve positioning accuracy and interference resistance when combined with GNSS.
Enhanced satellite navigation through LEO-GNSS integration improves emergency response, precision farming, and infrastructure monitoring, making critical services more reliable in challenging environments.
Low Earth Orbit satellites maintain stable navigation in urban canyons where GPS degrades seven-fold, using multi-shell constellations like Çelikbilek-1 for better geometry with fewer satellites.
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The research evaluates how Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite-based Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) systems can improve navigation accuracy, particularly when used alongside existing Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in challenging environments like urban areas.
Current GNSS systems often suffer from weak signals, urban multipath interference, and vulnerability to jamming/spoofing, which limits accuracy for critical applications like autonomous mobility and infrastructure monitoring. LEO systems offer a promising solution to enhance reliability and performance where GNSS degrades.
Researchers from Tampere University and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona published their comparative analysis in December 2025 in the journal Satellite Navigation with DOI: 10.1186/s43020-025-00186-5.
The team used semi-analytical modeling and 192,000 Monte-Carlo simulations to evaluate 400 users across European regions in five outdoor scenarios, analyzing variables like carrier bands (1.5/5/10 GHz), transmission power levels, and different constellation designs.
Optimized LEO constellations, particularly in hybrid mode with GNSS, significantly improve accuracy and maintain strong performance in urban scenarios. Multi-shell constellations like Çelikbilek-1 and Marchionne-2 delivered favorable balance between satellite count and geometry, outperforming single-shell layouts.
In harsh urban canyon conditions, GNSS accuracy degraded up to seven-fold, while LEO-PNT maintained stable ranging performance with limited loss. LEO systems also offer stronger signal power, making them more resistant to interference and jamming.
Hybrid designs like Çelikbilek-1 + GPS/Galileo or CentiSpace-like + BeiDou provide better PDOP distributions, faster fix availability, broader user coverage, and improved stability and reliability compared to standalone systems.
No, the authors conclude that LEO systems are not aimed at replacing GNSS, but rather to enhance availability and resilience of positioning services, particularly in challenging environments where current systems struggle.
An Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of 50 dBm was found sufficient for high-quality outdoor positioning when operating in L- and C-bands, though 10 GHz platforms require higher power to compensate for path loss.
The full study is available in the December 2025 issue of Satellite Navigation with the DOI 10.1186/s43020-025-00186-5.
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